General (1-7)

Ratio
A ratio is the comparison of two numbers or quantities.
A ratio may be expressed in three ways: as a fraction, with a colon, or with the word “to.”

For example, a gear ratio of 5:7 can be expressed as any of the following:

 

5⁄7 or 5:7 or 5 to 7

 

Aviation Applications
Ratios have widespread application in the field of aviation.
For example: Compression ratio on a reciprocating engine is the ratio of the volume of a cylinder with the piston at the bottom of its stroke to the volume of the cylinder with the piston at the top of its stroke.

For example, a typical compression ratio might be 10:1 (or 10 to 1).

 

Aspect ratio is the ratio of the length (or span) of an airfoil to its width (or chord). A typical aspect ratio for a commercial airliner might be 7:1 (or 7 to 1). Air-fuel ratio is the ratio of the weight of the air to the weight of fuel in the mixture being fed into the cylinders of a reciprocating engine. For example, a typical air-fuel ratio might be 14.3:1 (or 14.3 to 1).

Glide ratio is the ratio of the forward distance traveled to the vertical distance descended when an aircraft is operating without power. For example, if an aircraft descends 1,000 feet while it travels through the air for a distance of two linear miles (10,560 feet), it has a glide ratio of 10,560:1,000 which can be reduced to 10.56: 1 (or 10.56 to 1).

Gear Ratio is the number of teeth each gear represents when two gears are used in an aircraft component. In Figure 1-7, the pinion gear has 8 teeth and a spur gear has 28 teeth. The gear ratio is 8:28 or 2:7. Speed Ratio. When two gears are used in an aircraft component, the rotational speed of each gear is represented as a speed ratio. As the number of teeth in a gear
decreases, the rotational speed of that gear increases, and vice-versa. Therefore, the speed ratio of two gears is the inverse (or opposite) of the gear ratio. If two gears have a gear ratio of 2:9, then their speed ratio is 9:2.

Example: A pinion gear with 10 teeth is driving a spur gear with 40 teeth. The spur gear is rotating at 160 rpm.
Determine the speed of the pinion gear.

 

 

 

 

 

 

To solve for SP, multiply 40 × 160, then divide by 10.
The speed of the pinion gear is 640 rpm.

 

 

 

 

 

Example: If the cruising speed of an airplane is 200 knots and its maximum speed is 250 knots, what is the ratio of cruising speed to maximum speed? First, express the cruising speed as the numerator of a fraction whose denominator is the maximum speed.

 

 

 

 

Next, reduce the resulting fraction to its lowest terms. 

 

 

 

 

Therefore, the ratio of cruising speed to maximum speed is 4:5.
Another common use of ratios is to convert any given ratio to an equivalent ratio with a denominator of 1.
Example: Express the ratio 9:5 as a ratio with a denominator of 1.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Therefore, 9:5 is the same ratio as 1.8:1. In other words, 9 to 5 is the same ratio as 1.8 to 1.

 

Proportion
A proportion is a statement of equality between two or more ratios.

For example, 

 

 

 

 

 

This proportion is read as, “3 is to 4 as 6 is to 8.”

 

Extremes and Means
The first and last terms of the proportion (the 3 and 8 in this example) are called the extremes. The second and third terms (the 4 and 6 in this example) are called the means. In any proportion, the product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means.
In the proportion 2:3 = 4:6, the product of the extremes, 2 × 6, is 12; the product of the means, 3 × 4, is also 12. An inspection of any proportion will show this to be true. 

 

 

Solving Proportions
Normally when solving a proportion, three quantities will be known, and the fourth will be unknown. To solve for the unknown, multiply the two numbers along the diagonal and then divide by the third number.
Example: Solve for X in the proportion given below.

 

 

 

 

 

First, multiply 65 × 100: 65 × 100 = 6500
Next, divide by 80: 6500 ÷ 80 = 81.25
Therefore, X = 81.25.

 

Example: An airplane flying a distance of 300 miles used 24 gallons of gasoline. How many gallons will it need to travel 750 miles? The ratio here is: “miles to gallons;” therefore, the proportion is set up as: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Therefore, to fly 750 miles, 60 gallons of gasoline will be required.